- atrophic urethritis
- atrophic vaginal mucosa (atrophic vaginitis)
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
- prostate cancer
- catheter use
- chronic bacterial prostatitis
- genitourinary abnormalities (eg, vesicorectal fistulas)
- genitourinary calculi
- renal and perinephric abscess formation
- urinary diversion procedures (eg, ileal bladder diversion)
- urethral strictures
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